Orangetown was created at the same time under a royal grant, originally encompassing all of modern Rockland County. In 1683, when the Duke of York (who became King James II of England) established the first 12 counties of New York, present-day Rockland County was part of Orange County, known then as "Orange County South of the Mountains". A number of unique, Dutch-style red sandstone houses still stand, and many place names in the county reveal their Dutch origin. These settlers were eager to escape "city life", moving from Manhattan to Rockland. In the 1670s, permanent Dutch settlers began to arrive with land grants, starting with the Tappan area. The state line remains there to this day, though various disagreements along the exact border were had over the years. The northern border of New Jersey was placed in a straight line from the Delaware River at present-day Port Jervis to the Hudson River at 41 degrees even North latitude, where the Palisades Cliffs pause and give way to Sneden's Landing in Orangetown.
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In June 1664, the Berkeley- Carteret land grant established the colony of New Jersey, dividing present-day Rockland and Bergen Counties into separate political areas. In 1664, the British Crown assumed control of New Netherland from the Dutch. de Vries purchased from natives the area where the Sparkill Creek flows into the Hudson River. For example, in 1640, Dutch Captain David Pietersz. However, individuals did explore the area and made transactions with Tappan tribe for land with the idea that it could have future use. In the years before 1664 when the area was formally a Dutch colony called New Netherland, present-day Rockland did not have formal European settlements. Hudson, thinking he had found the legendary " Northwest Passage", sailed on the Half Moon up the river that would one day bear his name, and anchored near the area that is now Haverstraw before continuing north of what is now Albany. In 1609, Henry Hudson was the first major Dutch explorer to arrive in the area. The Tappan tribe had a particularly noteworthy presence in the area, extending from present-day Nyack, south to Sparkill and Tappan, down the Hackensack River valley through present-day Bergen County, NJ, and also along the Palisades and Hudson shore all the way down to present-day Edgewater, NJ. The area that became Rockland County was originally inhabited by Algonquian-speaking Native Americans, including Munsees, or Lenni Lenape. Historic Rockland County Courthouse in New City Rockland also ranked 31st on the list of highest-income counties by median household income in the United States, with a median household income of $82,534 according to the 2010 census.
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The county has the largest Jewish population percentage of any U.S. Rockland County is designated as a Preserve America Community, and nearly a third of the county's area is parkland. It comprises five towns and nineteen incorporated villages, with numerous unincorporated villages (sixteen) and hamlets. Rockland County is the smallest county by area in New York outside New York City. The county's name derives from "rocky land", as the area has been aptly described, largely due to the Hudson River Palisades. Rockland County is accessible via the New York State Thruway, which crosses the Hudson to Westchester at the Tappan Zee Bridge ten exits up from the NYC border, as well as the Palisades Parkway five exits up from the George Washington Bridge. The county's population, as of the 2020 United States Census, is 338,329, making it the third-most densely populated county outside New York City within New York (after Nassau and neighboring Westchester Counties, respectively). It is about 6 miles (10 kilometers) from the Bronx at their closest points.
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It is part of the New York City metropolitan statistical area. Rockland County is the southernmost county on the west side of the Hudson River in the U.S. Interactive map of Rockland County, New York